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This is due to the prevalence of women in service sector jobs whereas men are employed in the military. More women leave the North because they are more likely to suffer financial hardships.
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In 2002, they comprised 56% of defections to South Korea (1,138 people), and by 2011, the number had grown to 71% (2,706 people). Based on a study of North Korean defectors, women make up the majority of defections. Most North Korean refugees leave the country due reportedly to economic reasons. Recently, survey results conducted in 2013 by Johns Hopkins and the Korea Institute for National Unification (also known as KINU) showed that there were about 8,708 North Korean defectors and 15,675 North Korean children in China's same three Northeastern Provinces which are Jilin, Liaoning and Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. Professor Courtland Robinson of the Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University estimated that in the past the total number of 6,824 and 7,829 children were born to North Korean women in the three Northeastern Provinces of China. In 2018, the numbers had been dramatically dropping since Kim Jong-un took power in 2011, trending towards less than a thousand per year, down from the peak of 2,914 in 2009. In 2017, there were 31,093 defectors registered with the Unification Ministry in South Korea, 71% of whom were women. 1,418 were registered as arriving in South Korea in 2016. Since 1953, 100,000–300,000 North Koreans have defected, most of whom have fled to Russia or China. North Korean expert Andrei Lankov has criticized the term " defectors", since most people fleeing the country do not seek refuge because of political dissent, but are instead motivated by material deprivation. A newer term is bukhanitaljumin ( Korean: 북한 이탈 주민 Hanja: 北韓離脫住民), which has the more forceful meaning of "residents who renounced North Korea". On 9 January 2005, the South Korean Ministry of Unification announced the use of saeteomin ( Korean: 새터민, "people of new land") instead of talbukja ( 탈북자, "people who fled the North"), a term about which North Korean officials expressed displeasure. 4 Psychological and cultural adjustmentĭifferent terms, official and unofficial, refer to North Korean refugees.If the defectors are caught in China, they are repatriated back to North Korea, where rights groups say they often face harsh interrogations and years of punishment, or even death, in political prison camps (such as the Pukch'ang camp), or in reeducation camps (such as the Chungsan camp or Chongori camp). To avoid worsening the already tense relations with the Korean Peninsula, China refuses to grant North Korean defectors refugee status and considers them illegal economic migrants. sanctions for decades, is also the largest, and has been a continuous aid source of the country. China, being the most influential of the few economic partners of North Korea while the country has been under U.N. The defectors usually flee to a third country due to China being a relatively close ally of North Korea. About 76% to 84% of defectors interviewed in China or South Korea came from the Northeastern provinces bordering China. The most common strategy of North Korean defectors is to cross the Chinese border into Jilin and Liaoning provinces in northeast China. Some of the main reasons for the falling number of defectors, especially since 2000, are the strict border patrols and inspections, forced deportations, and the rising cost of defection. Alternative terms in South Korea, where the defectors often end up, include "northern refugees" ( Korean: 탈북자, talbukja) and "new settlers" ( 새터민, saeteomin).ĭuring the North Korean famine of the 1990s, there was an increase in defections, reaching a peak in 19. Such North Koreans are referred to as North Korean defectors by the North Korean regime. Since the division of Korea after the end of World War II, North Koreans have fled from the country in spite of legal punishment for political, ideological, religious, economic, moral, or personal reasons.